3D Visualizations: How Can You Tell Them from Photographs?

For quite some time, computers have been producing 3D visualizations (also called “renderings”) that are similar to photographs. In many cases it is difficult to discern a visualization from a photograph. But the experienced eye knows what to look for. Here are the signs of a 3D visualization, compiled by an expert visualizer (it often “takes a visualizer to catch a visualizer ”… )

For the purposes of this explanation, we categorize 3D visualizations into two types: interior visualizations and exterior visualizations.

Recognizing an Interior Visualization

Any three of the following criteria prove that an image of the interior of a building is a 3D visualization and NOT a photograph:

• Lighting not consistent: objects next to each other are illuminated to different degrees
• Shadows of objects are entirely missing (!)
• Furniture legs cast no shadow on the floor near their feet
• Objects (especially people) do not have depth
• People have zombie-like expressions
• People are all dressed very neatly
• People are the same height and no one’s overweight (!!)
• Plants are identical to the last leaf
• Objects are not scaled consistently: some pieces of furniture look out of proportion to others. Some of the people look out of proportion to one another and out of proportion to the ceiling height or furniture (use this to judge people’s heights: door openings are usually seven feet high)

Recognizing an Exterior Visualization

Any three of the following criteria prove that an image of the exterior of a building is a 3D visualization and NOT a photograph:

• Trees and plants are repetitive
• Lawns look like astro-turf… no loose leaves, no color or texture variation, no bald spots
• Objects next to each other are illuminated to different degrees (as in the case of interior renderings)
• People have zombie-like expressions and lack visual depth
• People are all dressed very neatly
• People are the same height and no one’s overweight (!!)
• There are not enough people in the scene (populating the scene greatly increases the time a computer takes to create the visualization)
• Objects (especially people) are out of proportion (use this to judge people’s heights: door openings are usually seven feet high)
• Trees in the foreground cast no shadows
• People cast no shadows
• Shadows of objects are cast in different directions or to in different proportions to their parent objects
• There are no blemishes on road asphalt or on sidewalks
• There are no loose leaves on the ground near trees
• The interiors of buildings are not visible through any windows (if the image is a close-up)
• Window panes appear painted

If you use the above criteria, you will never again mistake a computer-generated 3D visualization for a photograph!

To your image expertise,

Drafting Services: Going Off-Site for a Wildly Swinging Work Volume

Drafting services are subject to fluctuations in work inflow just like everyone else. The work inflow also fluctuates wildly, a situation that only some producers are subject to. TMG has its own way of dealing with this situation.

For starters, we maintain a constant slack in our in-house workforce to absorb moderate increases in client assignments. Whenever this slack is completely utilized, we resort to overtime. If we find that over time occurs too often, we decided that it’s time to augment our workforce.

We can augment our workforce in two ways: either add people in-house or set up off site contractors.

Adding people in-house entails advertising, interviewing and training. Adding off-site contractors involves the same steps, only we usually ask for external drafting services with specific experience, thus obviating the time and expense of training.

The off-site drafting services whom we identify as contractors are of course firms who have the necessary skill but are unable to project themselves into the international market. But India has a large number of such firms and finding them is only a matter of time.

The fact is that computer penetration in India is constantly increasing, and it is getting the point where having an office with in house staff is becoming less and less required. Reliable online contractors are becoming less of an option and more of a necessity for all drafting services active in the international marketplace.

This is just one of the several state-of-the-art methods that TMG employs to ensure a rapid, timely response to its valuable clients. Why not become a client?

Drafting Services: 3-D Visualization and Render Farms

The term “drafting services” encompasses several activities. Examples are 2D drafting, 3D drafting and 3D visualization. The subject of this article is 3D visualization, and some of the on-the-ground realities associated with it.

3D visualization is the creation of a computer-generated drawing which is remarkably lifelike, so lifelike that the viewer must wonder, “Is that a computer-generated drawing or a photograph?” 

The process of 3D visualization creation can be broadly divided into two steps: model creation and rendering.  

Model Creation

This entails creation in the computer’s memory of a 3D object that looks exactly like the target, real-world object. The 3D visualization expert uses one or more photographs of the object or perhaps 2D drawings of it as input information. Although the 3D visualization expert will inevitably have specialized drafting skills and spatial conceptualization ability of a high order,  he can take hours, days or months to create the object depending on how much detail is in it.

The completed model typically looks totally gray; also, there is no light falling on it and it therefore generates no shadows. The surface colors, lighting and shadows are created in the second step, i.e. rendering.   

Rendering

During this stage the 3D visualization expert specifies to the computer the surface finish of every part of the object as well as the intensity, color and position of the various lights that shine on the object. Examples of surface finishes (also called ‘textures’) would be “metallic red”, ‘beige linen” and “green moss”. Examples of lights would be “daylight”, “spotlight” and “directional light”. 

Once the computer has texture and lighting information, it pastes the specified surface finishes onto the appropriate surfaces and places lights of the specified intensity and color at the positions decided by the 3D visualization expert. It then draws light rays from every light source to its final destination.  A ray could travel from a spotlight to an object, then bounce off the object at the angle of reflection, hit another object, be reflected onto a third object, etc., losing intensity as it progresses along the path. When millions of light rays are drawn in this way, the result is a very realistic illumination of the object and its surrounds, complete with shadows and reflections (this is known as a ‘photorealistic rendering’). 

As one might imagine, the rendering process consumes enormous computing resources due to the very large number of light rays that have to be drawn. To render one scene consisting of a house surrounded by vegetation can often10 hours or more on the fastest desktop. If animation has to be created, which usually calls for 24 images per second, a 10-second animation would comprise 240 images, and the time taken to render these images on the computer would be 240 x 10 = 2400 hours = 100 days! Most probably by this time the client who wanted the animation would have lost faith in the 3D visualization expert and moved on to someone else who could do the job faster. 

Because of the long times taken for rendering, there was at one point a to drastically speed up the process. Software engineers found, in due course, a way of sharing the task of rendering between multiple computers. This concept did not imply that when 240 frames were required, each computer worked on a separate group of frames. It implied that even a single frame was worked on by the group of computers with a result that the rendering time for a single frame was less by orders of magnitude.

A group of computers that work together for rendering is known as a ‘render farm’.

It was often not feasible for drafting services to set up a render farm in their own office using five, 10 or more desktops. This constituted another need, one for rendering systems at low cost; and just as in the previous instance there was soon a solution: the online render farm.  

Online Render Farms

As you may have guessed, an online render farm is a render farm that can be accessed on a chargeable basis from any Internet terminal. Because it is online it can be used by more people than an offline farm, making it all the more commercially viable than an offline farm. 

But experience shows that it is not always a good 3D visualization solution. For the one part, it’s not as cheap as one would like it to be (experience leads one to believe it costs $1.50 per second of CPU time). 

Another fact is that although most online rendering render farms have online speed calculators which tell you that what takes your desktop 10 hours takes them only minutes, when you actually send them something to render you can be in for a jolt. You have to take your place in a processing queue and wait your turn, and it can often take more than one and a half hours before your turn comes! Whither the time savings? 

Conclusion

The motto of the story is not to think that an online render farm will solve all your computing resource problems as concerns 3D visualization. Apparently all the farms are overbooked at this time, and it will probably be some months before enough new farms come into being to reduce the average waiting time to a few minutes. 

The ideal solution would be to either have a special arrangement with an online rendering render farm for a maximum waiting time guarantee, or to render jobs on your own render farm (which of course might be subject to investment constraints, which will limit the amount of equipment and therefore the complexity of the 3-D visualization jobs you can render).

The important thing is to embrace the render farm concept and customize a solution that works for you based on the above suggestions. Be assured that such a solution is indeed out there!

May you render in peace,